Construction, Nonresidential Building
Encyclopedia of Global Industries
Nonresidential construction firms build, alter, remodel, repair, and renovate a wide range of commercial, industrial, and public buildings, including industrial buildings, warehouses, office buildings, churches and synagogues, hospitals, museums, schools, restaurants and shopping centers, and stadiums.
Industry snapshot
Certain segments of the nonresidential building construction industry proved healthier than others amid the fluctuating economic trends of the first decade of the 2000s. While office building construction was plagued by oversupply in the early 1990s, economic conditions improved later in the decade. Despite problems like corporate downsizing, temporary work forces, and inventory reduction, the strong economy facilitated a rapid decline in office vacancies in the United States.
The economic situation was particularly beneficial for smaller office building construction in smaller cities around the world, as many corporations began to decentralize their operations and moved divisional offices closer to manufacturing and distribution centers. Some corporations in search of lower costs abandoned large cities completely. This trend created an upturn in demand for new office buildings in some medium-sized cities in the southeastern United States. Furthermore, the industry, especially in the United States and parts of Western Europe, saw a shift in demographics in office building construction, as many businesses moved away from their traditional urban settings into suburbs and outlying areas.
The nonresidential building segment of the construction industry is aided by the fact that institutional building. Like governmental buildings and schools. Tends to remain relatively stable. Additionally, even in mature construction markets like the United States, new facilities, or at least upgrades to older facilities. Are quite often needed to replace or refurbish aging schools, hospitals, and other publicly funded structures. In the case of schools, quite often increasing enrollment can bolster construction needs.
The rapid expansion of the Asian economies in most business sectors enabled construction companies worldwide to tap into this market. When companies established themselves in the Asia-Pacific region, construction contractors would then build the new facilities. Gains in the Asian market made it possible for international contractors to offset the more modest gains in the mature markets of Europe and North America. As well as regions with comparatively low demand such as Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa.
Organization and Structure
International construction companies and the design firms that work closely with them are among the most independent of corporations. While international manufacturing corporations may diversify their products and services, builders tend to remain focused on construction. One division may specialize in high-rise office buildings while another will concentrate on petrochemical plants.
Most international construction companies and design firms manage their businesses independently of their respective governments. However, this does not mean that they are not regulated. Companies must build to local or national building codes and follow local or national environmental standards. They are usually monitored for safety on the work site by government departments and their own safety directors. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regularly issues and monitors rules that govern various aspects of the nonresidential building industry. In early 1995, for example, OSHA issued a safety regulation that mandated that all construction employees wear harnesses if working near the edge of a building. The harnesses, which are secured to the building, are designed to prevent the wearers from falling more than a few feet.
In the early years of the first decade of the 2000s, many of the largest construction firms were private companies, such as Bechtel Group Inc. and Parsons Corporation. Many in key positions in the industry began working in the field as project managers and subsequently learned how to run the business by working their way up.
Background and Development
After reaching peak levels in 1998, due to strong economies in both North America and Europe. The nonresidential construction market began to decline in 2000 as a result of weakening economic trends. Companies in Europe, the United States, and Japan in particular saw significant reductions in new contracts. Particularly for domestic projects. This downward trend, however, had begun to improve by 2004. When worldwide spending on construction, fueled in large part by surging demand in China and India, reached US$3.9 trillion. In the early years of the first decade of the 2000s, about 65 percent of the construction industry’s business was in the form of new construction. While the remainder was derived from alterations, maintenance, and repair. While the United States remained a world leader in the nonresidential construction industry. About 80 percent of the world’s construction activity took place outside U.S. borders.
Demand for office building construction increased when the dot-com boom of the late 1990s fueled numerous start-ups and expansion among existing businesses. However, in 2000, the growth in the office building market slowed considerably when the dot-com firms began disappearing and many technology firms began scaling back operations to weather the downturn. In fact, U.S. office building construction declined 22 percent in 2001, more than any other nonresidential construction sector. In comparison, the U.S. nonresidential building industry as a whole fell only 4 percent, from US$173.1 billion in 2000 to US$165.8 billion in 2001.
According to U.S. Construction Trends, in a report released by construction industry research firm F. W. Dodge, “After a very strong 2000. The demand for office space was dampened by the dot-com correction. As a substantial amount of sublease space was put back on the market. The decline for office construction was especially pronounced in those cities that benefited from the high-tech boom. Such as Washington D.C., Seattle, San Jose, and Dallas.” More favorable economic conditions after 2004. However, began to reverse this downward trend. According to McGraw-Hill Construction. Office building construction in January 2005 rose 11 percent nationwide (adjusted annual rate).
In the early years of the first decade of the 2000s, oil refinery and chemical plant construction around the world remained one of the fundamental cornerstones of the industry. Industry observers noted that. With China and other Asian countries, such as Vietnam, becoming more receptive to outside influence. The market for petrochemical plants was expected to remain steady early in the twenty-first century. U.S. companies particularly had the advantage in this market with decades of international experience building oil refineries. The rapid growth in global trade has also increased the need for projects such as port facilities and airports, especially in developing countries.
Construction of manufacturing plants has traditionally remained relatively steady over the years. Manufacturing plants. According to conventional wisdom, always need to be expanded, upgraded, rebuilt, and built in new locations. In fact, most of the construction activity in this industry segment is done to increase capacity. Which was expected to continue as companies expand globally and need greater capacity. With the caveat that cyclically, many manufacturing industries reach stages of over-capacity that spell lean times for construction firms. Manufacturing plant construction attracts a wide range of international expertise.
However, the construction of huge manufacturing plants in the United States, such as those that assemble automobiles and trucks. Was never again expected to rival the pace of construction achieved earlier in the twentieth century. Factories built at the end of the twentieth century were expected to last well into the next century. Although renovation work on these facilities was likely to be done. In the United States, however, manufacturing over the last several decades of the twentieth century slowly declined as the country’s economy became increasingly based on service industries. At the same time. The shifting of manufacturing jobs to developing countries, particularly in Asia. Opened opportunities there for substantial growth in construction. In China, for example, construction investment–much of it for new factories–was projected to grow at about 7.9 percent through 2012. Even higher growth of 9.2 percent was projected for India.
One key to any developing country’s efforts to build its own industrial base is access to electric power. While the construction of new electric generation plants in the United States slowed through the 1980s and 1990s, the world’s hunger for power was expected to grow. China alone announced that it intended to double its electric power generating capacity over a five-year span. Doing that required the help of scores of international companies.
Although periodically threatened by tight budgets in the deficit-conscious 1990s, the construction of governmental and educational buildings was likely to remain one of the foundations of the nonresidential construction industry. Besides demographic trends that necessitated new school construction, the need to upgrade schools for Internet capabilities was a major challenge in the late 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s.
This factor, combined with growing importance of school vouchers and other school choice programs, led to US$32.8 billion in school construction alone in the United States in 1996. As state and local governments began to approve the construction of new schools and the refurbishment of existing institutions, school construction soared to record levels in both 2000 and 2001. During the same period, the construction of transportation terminals grew 25 percent; courthouses and jails, 5 percent; and churches, 1 percent. The need for new or upgraded hospitals and related healthcare facilities, such as nursing homes, contributed to a 10 percent increase in construction in 2001; this growth trend was expected to continue through the 2000s as the U.S. population ages. In early 2005, the value of public construction of schools reached about US$64.6 billion and construction of public healthcare facilities was approximately US$6.6 billion.
Hotel and recreational facility construction benefits much from a healthy economy, as economic prosperity fosters more business and leisure travel. In addition, this industry segment has been boosted by the proliferation of gambling casinos, which are often integrated with hotels. When the economy weakens, however, construction dollars for these types of projects tend to evaporate more quickly than for other market sectors. In 2001, amusement-related projects, such as movie theaters, fell 14 percent in the United States.
However, store and shopping center construction, which declined by only 9 percent, found the impact of the recessionary conditions offset a bit by those retail chains working to expand their reach despite a sluggish economy. As economic conditions improved through 2004 and 2005, investment flowed back into the hotel and recreation sector. Between December 2004 and January 2005, hotel construction grew by 34 percent. While building in the amusement sector increased by 75 percent.
In January 2009, The American Institute of Architects predicted U.S. hotel construction spending would decline by more than 20 percent in 2009 and another 12 percent in 2010.
The challenges facing the engineers, architects, and constructors who design and build these buildings, industrial plants, and manufacturing facilities are daunting. As the nonresidential construction markets in industrialized countries continued to mature and competition in those areas continued to intensify, many analysts recommended that industry players look to developing countries for new growth.
Current industry conditions
The commercial construction industry was healthy in the mid-years of the first decade of the 2000s, especially in the United States. Nonresidential construction starts accounted for US$209 billion in 2006. Of this amount, about 47 percent was in commercial and industrial buildings and 51 percent was in institutional buildings (e.g., education and health care). The fastest growing type of construction was in the hotel market, which increased by about 50 percent in 2006.
Construction of education buildings was also on the rise, following a decline that began in 2002. In 2001 education construction saw a record high of 273 million square feet, after which the industry slumped due to the economic recession of the early years of the first decade of the 2000s. In 2004 construction of education buildings dropped 23 percent to 209 million square feet. The trend reversed, however, in 2005, and the industry showed an increase of 5 percent. In 2006 education square footage grew another 4 percent to 227 million square feet. Construction spending for malls, shopping centers, and large discount stores was also growing, and in December 2006 was almost 50 percent higher than it was at the same time in 2005. Office and manufacturing construction were also on the rise.
The increase in nonresidential construction in the United States also had a positive impact on the job market in the industry. According to Ken Simonson, chief economist for the Associated General Contractors of America (AGC), during 2006 nonresidential builders boosted employment by 160,000, or 5 percent. Wages for these workers also rose, netting an increase of 4.5 percent in 2006, as compared to 4 percent for all private industry production workers.
By 2009, U.S. nonresidential construction downturns were leading contractors to seek a quicker stimulus rollout. “We know from contractors’ reports that stimulus money is beginning to flow. But what should be a torrent by now is only a trickle in most categories,” concluded Associated General Contractors of America Chief Economist Ken Simonson. Simonson was making reference to the believed necessity for assistance from the U.S. federal government stimulus plan. According to Simonson, situations were becoming more dire due in part also to banks “keeping a tight lid on real estate lending.”
Industry research and technology
Even after years of research on how seismic forces affect buildings. Some factors are still unknown. In Kobe, Japan, engineers were astonished to find that apartment buildings built on soft fill dredged up from the ocean floor survived the quake while carefully designed office buildings built on the mainland sometimes “pancaked” their center floors. The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001, further underscored the need to continue researching methods for constructing buildings, particularly large ones, able to withstand various kinds of disasters.
A growing trend in the early years of the first decade of the 2000s was “green engineering,” which aimed at minimizing the negative environmental effects of construction projects.
The building uses mirrors to bring natural light into office spaces, recycles rainwater, and relies on a computerized climate management system to maintain optimal interior conditions by automatically raising or lowering window blinds and louvers. While the US$140 million Genzyme building, which opened in late 2003 and accommodates 900 employees, cost about 16 percent more than a conventional building would, the company expected to realize significant savings in utilities costs.
In addition, company officials said that the building’s amenities would attract high-caliber employees. Though green technologies are more expensive than conventional construction, it is possible, according to the Boston Globe, to erect environmentally friendly buildings for as little as 2 percent above conventional costs. Furthermore, energy savings over the lifetime of the building could average 20 percent.
Interest in green building has skyrocketed in the United States since the late 1990s. In 2000, Seattle became the first metropolis in the nation to officially adopt a citywide sustainable building policy. Other cities soon followed, including Chicago. Which in 2004 announced that all new public construction in the city would be certified by the U.S. Green Building Council. In 2003, products and services for green buildings across the nation reached about US$5.8 billion, up about 33 percent from 2002.
Sustainable construction is also a major goal of the European Union. Where many green building practices were pioneered. A partnership between the European Union and China. Launched in 2003, aims to improve the environmental efficiency of major construction projects in China through the early 2000s. Including the Beijing Olympic Village under construction for the 2008 summer games.
The design-build process, in which one firm contracts to design and build an entire project from scratch. Began to take on increased significance in the late 1990s. By 2000, these projects accounted for roughly 25 percent of all nonresidential construction projects, up from about 6 percent in the late 1980s.
The advantages of this type of contract include the single point of responsibility for the project, which lessens the risk and potential litigation expenses. Faster project completion. As designs are implemented with a specific and familiar building technique in mind; and diminished administrative burden. However, some industry analysts have noted that such projects could pose potential problems in the face of increased globalization. Specifically, as international consortiums collaborate on projects. The design-build process may suffer from a lack of international design and building specifications and regulations.
Industry workforce
The vast majority of construction companies are relatively small businesses. With fewer than ten employees, although some of the largest companies employ as many as 95,000 people worldwide. The United States–with more than 7.0 million wage and salary workers and 1.9 million self-employed workers (including small residential homebuilders). Analysts forecast that by 2010 the industry would face as many as 2.4 million unfilled jobs for skilled and unskilled positions. Indeed, according to a New York Times article, Francis X. McArdle.
Pay scales, however, would remain relatively high. Reflecting the fact that construction workers are increasingly required to work with new technologies. Including highly specialized equipment that incorporates computerized systems. In 2004, average wages for construction workers in the United States were about US$19.23 per hour. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The number of construction jobs was expected to grow roughly 11 percent by the year 2014.
U.S. construction workers were struggling to hang on in 2009, according to analysis of U.S. Bureau of Statistics data. That data reflected that approximately one-third of job loss in August 2009 was related to the industry. Associated General Contractors of America economist Simonson lamented that “There’s nothing good in the report for the nation’s construction workers”.
Japan employed roughly 6 million construction workers in the late 1990s, but the industry saw a continued decrease in employment from 1998 through 2002. With an overall loss of 220,000 jobs after 1993. Japanese government figures suggested that this trend would continue. European construction employees in the late 1990s numbered more than 10 million, but a stagnant industry from the late 1990s through 2003 threatened significant job losses. Figures are harder to estimate in growing regions like Asia (excluding Japan). Which continued to rely to a large degree on international firms for construction needs.
Industry leaders
VINCI.
During the mid-years of the first decade of the 2000s. France-based VINCI was one of the largest construction companies in the world with approximately 133,500 employees and operations spanning more than 100 countries. The company has completed many extremely tall buildings. Including a 700,000-square-meter residential and commercial complex in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Company sales grew 17.6 percent in 2003 after the firm’s acquisition of GTM Enterpose Ltd., which operated in over 90 countries and maintained a payroll of 67,000 employees. 33,872 of whom worked in building and civil engineering. The company posted revenues of US$25.5 billion in 2006.
Koninklijke BAM Groep nv.
When Koninklijke BAM Groep (also known as Royal BAM) bought the giant Hollandsche Beton Groep (HBG) in 2002. The company became one of Europe’s leading construction and engineering firms. While BAM’s civil engineering divisions operated worldwide. Its construction and property division remained in the Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain, and Germany. In 2006 the company increased its residential construction activity when it bought the developer AM for more than US$1 billion. Sales for 2005 totaled US$8.79 billion, and the firm employed 27,190 workers. By 2008, those figures had increased to US$12.5 billion for sales and 30,338 employees.
Kajima Corporation.
Kajima Corporation, based in Tokyo. Was a leader in construction of skyscrapers in Japan and made major contributions to earthquake-proof building technologies. One of Japan’s oldest and largest construction companies. Kajima was founded in 1840. In 2006 it listed total sales of US$15.09 billion and had 9,234 employees. Despite its primarily domestic focus, the firm maintained subsidiaries in North America, Europe, and in other Asian countries. As the Japanese construction market cooled in the early years of the 2000s’ first decade. The company expanded its overseas operations and branched out into related services, such as environmental management.
Bouygues SA.
Bouygues SA, founded in 1952 and headquartered in Cedex, France, employed 115,441 workers in 2006. Besides construction (its core business), Bouygues engages in engineering, telecommunications, media, public utilities, and other activities. In the middle years of the first decade of the 2000s, the company owned 90 percent of the stock in Bouygues Telecom (France’s third largest mobile phone carrier) and around 40 percent of TF1 (the number-one TV channel in France). Total revenues were US$31.9 in 2006, although only a portion of this came from the construction branch. Although it has grown increasingly diversified, the firm remains one of the largest construction companies in Europe and maintains 40 subsidiaries and affiliates in 80 countries. By 2007, the company had 137,500 employees. For 2008, its sales added up to about US$46.2
Bechtel Group, Inc.
Based in San Francisco, California. The Bechtel Group was the largest construction company in the United States in 2007. Sales exceeded US$18.1 billion in 2005, and the firm had 40,000 employees. In 2003 it received contracts to reconstruct damaged infrastructure in post-war Iraq. As of November 2004, the company had completed renovations and repairs of 1,200 schools, 10 fire stations, and 52 health clinics, in addition to other infrastructure projects.
Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc.
Founded in 1919, Brown and Root Inc. began operating as a subsidiary of Halliburton in 1962. In 1996, it split into three entities, one of which was named Brown and Root Engineering and also Construction (BREC). When Halliburton acquired Dresser Industries in 1998, BREC was merged with Dresser’s MW Kellogg division to form Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., a global engineering and construction firm that builds petrochemical facilities and power plants, hotels, office buildings, shopping centers, hospitals, universities, correctional facilities, and other public buildings. The firm operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of Halliburton until April 2007, and reported sales of US$363.6 million in 2006.
Major countries in the industry
The United States.
In the United States, the value of nonresidential building construction fell from US$173.1 billion in 2000 to US$165.8 billion in 2001. Private spending for nonresidential construction fell by 15.9 percent in 2002. Office, retail, and hotel construction. Which saw growth of more than 12 percent annually from 1993 to 2000. Declined by 4.2 percent in 2001 and dropped by as much as 30 percent in 2002. Many leading U.S. nonresidential construction firms began looking to expand into emerging markets like Asia and Latin America.
Most firms sought established businesses with which to partner in an effort to avoid some of the cultural barriers inherent in establishing a new business overseas. The decline in the industry ended in 2005, and by 2006 it had recovered as predicted. Overall, the value of U.S. construction starts (excluding residential projects) totaled $26.5 billion in January 2007. Up 28.7 percent from January 2006. In 2009, times were challenging for U.S. nonresidential construction with the Associated General Contractors of America’s Simonson describing the situation as “depression-like” conditions.
Europe.
The construction market in Europe is characterized as very mature and offers little prospect for dramatic growth in the twenty-first century. Economic recession contributed to a flat performance for the industry through the early years of the first decade of the 2000s. Analysts forecast renewed but modest growth.
Most new construction,
though, is expected to occur in markets where significant economic reconstruction is taking place. Including Ireland, Portugal, and Poland.
Western Europe is projected to grow at about. 3.9 percent annually through 2012, slightly below the projected world average of 4.8 percent.
In Germany, historically the largest construction industry in Europe, the economic recession of 2001 and 2002 hit construction companies hard. One of the country’s leading firms, Philipp Holzmann AG, went bankrupt in 2002 after struggling with mounting debts since 1999. Industry analysts expected a further slump, including the loss of approximately 90,000 jobs in 2004, but predicted that the industry would recover.
Great Britain’s construction industry in the early years of the first decade of the 2000s was the third largest in Europe and the fifth largest in the world, employing approximately 2 million people. Publicly funded projects such as hospitals, infrastructure, and housing accounted for most of Great Britain’s domestic construction; international projects, however, especially in South and East Asia, accounted for a substantial part of earnings.
Asia.
Through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, Japan’s enormous construction industry faced criticism. Especially from U.S. firms, that the market remained closed to foreign contractors. In 1994, yielding to demands for increased access. The Japanese government initiated its Action Plan on Reform of the Bidding and Contracting Procedures for Public Works. Many international contractors responded. Mostly from the United States, South Korea, China, and France. U.S. contractors accounted for an overwhelming US$190 million of the total US$230 million in foreign contracts in the market in 1997.
However, this total only reflected a small fraction of Japan’s construction market. Like the United States and Europe. Indicative of these difficult conditions was the performance of four of Japan’s largest general contractors in fiscal 2001. Shimizu Corp. and Obayashi Corp. Posted losses, while Taisei Corp. and Kajima Corp. struggled to remain profitable. Though the decline in construction investment continued through 2003. The industry remained one of Japan’s primary employers, with a labor force of almost 6 million workers.
The hottest region of the world for nonresidential construction in the early years of the first decade of the 2000s was Asia (excluding Japan). China, which was the second largest construction market in the world in 2005. Accounted for the majority of new construction projects in the region. The largest construction firm in the nation, China State Construction. Held only 2 percent of the Chinese construction market in 2000.
In addition, the largest of the 500,000 firms engaged in some form of construction there only accounted for 10 percent of the industry. Analysts predicted strong demand for nonresidential construction in China through the 2010s. Among China’s major projects in the early years of the first decade of the 2000s was the Olympic Village in Beijing, scheduled for completion for the 2008 summer Olympics.
The devastating tsunami that hit southern Asia in December 2004 drove demand for much new building in the affected regions. Analysts predicted that construction needs would be substantial.
Africa.
Africa continued to be a difficult market for international contractors to penetrate in great numbers. Primarily due to the lack of business investment in the continent. The top 225 contractors conducted US$10.3 billion in business in the region in 1996. Africa’s acute need for infrastructure. However, pointed to significant opportunities in the construction sector, which grew at an average of 4 percent per year on the continent after 1995.
This performance varied considerably. However, from country to country, with underdeveloped nations such as Mozambique seeing growth of up to 14 percent. While more stable and well-developed countries such as Tanzania enjoyed growth of about 5 percent. Improvements in industry management also contributed to a positive outlook for the early years of the first decade of the 2000s. In Senegal, which instituted reforms that required open bidding on government contracts. Construction costs in the late 1990s were cut by 40 percent. At the same time, these reforms led to the creation of 3,000 permanent construction jobs.
South Africa invested US$144 million in the expansion of the Johannesburg International Airport. According to African Business, at least 50 percent of all fixed capital investments in most African countries came from the construction sector alone. Making it likely to remain one of the continent’s strongest engines of economic growth through the early 2000s. Nevertheless, the region’s need for foreign investment to fund large-scale building projects remained critical.
In 2005, British Prime Minister Tony Blair announced a massive aid plan for Africa. Including debt relief and increased trade to foster development. As the region increases its participation in the global economy through the early 2000s. Demand will rise for new manufacturing plants, office complexes, health care facilities, schools, and other nonresidential buildings.
In 2007, construction of the King Shaka International Airport began in South Africa. The larger airport, with an estimated price tag of US$353 million. Will replace the Durban International Airport and will be completed by 2010. In time for the international football tournament, the FIFA World Cup, which South Africa will host.
Latin America.
In 1996, the top 225 international contractors in Latin America signed US$8.1 billion in construction business. Continuing the steady incline of construction industry growth there during the 1990s. Many international contractors were optimistic about Latin America. However, as the economies of several nations in the region, including Colombia, Chile, Mexico, and Argentina, were expanding. By the end of the 1990s, yearly investment for infrastructure development in Latin America reached $40 billion. More than twice the amount allocated in 1995. In the early years of the first decade of the 2000s.
Argentina announced a US$30 billion public works and housing project that was expected to give a much-needed boost to the construction sector. Venezuela implemented an Economic Recovery Plan that would allow foreign contractors to participate in several public works construction projects, including airports and hospitals. Industry observers expected Latin America to be a growth market well into the twenty-first century.
Further Readings
Baker, Kermit. “Nonresidential Construction Poised for Solid Gains in 2005.” AIArchitect, January 2005. Available from www.aia.org.
“Commercial Building Starts Soar.” Midwest Contractor, 26 March 2007.
“Construction.” European Commission. Available from europa.eu.int.
“Construction & Materials in Latin America.” Latin Sector Watch, March 2005. Available from www.latin-sectors.com.
Construction Specifications Institute. “Construction Industry Statistics,” 2003. Available from www.csinet.org.
“Construction Workers Account for One-Third of Job Losses.” Dolan Media Newswires, 15 September 2009. Available from www.finance-commerce.com.
“Decline in U.S. non-residential construction sparks call for quicker stimulus rollout.” Daily Commercial News and Construction Record, 4 September 2009. Available from dcnonl.com.
“Forecasts & Trends,” McGraw-Hill Construction, 28 February 2005. Available from cotest.construction.com.
Haughey, Jim. “U.S. Construction Starts: Show Strength Early in 2006.” Business Credit, June 2006.
“International Airport.” International Construction, September 2006.
Japanese Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications. Statistical Handbook of Japan. Available from www.stat.go.jp.
Kennedy, Kim. “Education Construction Turns Upward.” Engineering News Record, 9 April 2007.
“Lodging, Hospitals Fuel Nonres Growth.” Construction Equipment, 1 January 2007.
“New Study Forecasts Improving Outlook for Global Construction Industry.” Global Insight Inc., 9 June 2003. Available from www.globalinsight.com.
“Nonresidential Construction Growth Continues In ’07.” Building Design & Construction, 1 December 2006.
Also “Nonresidential Construction Jobs Grow.” Construction Bulletin, 5 March 2007.
“Nonresidential Construction Seen Down in 2009.” CNBC, 14 January 2009. Available from CNBC.com.
Palmer, Thomas C., Jr. “Building Green: Many More Developers Building Green.” Boston Globe, 6 September 2004, p. D1.
“Profile: Japan’s Construction Industry.” AsiaPulse News, 14 October 2003.
South Florida Business Journal. “Construction spending to keep falling.” Denver Business Journal, 21 September 2009. Available from www.bizjournals.com/denver/.
“Turning Point for German Construction Industry Expected in 2005.” Europe Intelligence Wire, 4 November 2003.
UK Trade and Investment Bureau. Sector Profile: Construction. Available from www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Career Guide to Industries, 2005. Available from www.bls.gov.
“U.S. Real Estate and Construction Industry Overview, 2005.” Plunkett Research Ltd., 2006. Available from www.plunkettresearch.com.
VINCI 2004 Financial Statements, March 2005. Available from www.vinci.com.
Source Citation:
“Construction, Nonresidential Building.” Encyclopedia of Global Industries. Ed. Lynn M. Pearce. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Business Insights: Essentials. Web. 20 Mar. 2013.
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